Africans in Latin America - Bibliography

Acosta Saignes, Miguel. "Gentilicios africanos en Venezuela". ("African Tribal Heritage in Venezuela") Revista Bimestre Cubana 72 : 203-25
Abstract: Examines historical primary documents for references to the specific African tribal and geographic origins of slves brought to Venezuela. Many contemporary scholars make inferences about African origins based on the present day cultural characteristics of the black Venezuelan population. Includes a brief bibliography. (CDR)

Acosta Saignes, Miguel. "Introducción al estudio de los repositorios documentales sobre los africanos y sus descendientes en América". ("Introduction to the study of the documental repositories about Africans and their descendants in America") América Indígena ( Indigenous America ) 29 (3) : 727-79
Notes: Bibliography pp. 780-86. Paper presented at a UNESCO conference (December 1968) on the cultural contributions of Africans in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Abstract: Extensive discussion of sources of African studies in each Latin American country, including the holdings of each National Library, archives of government agencies, unversity and private libraries (CDR)

Acosta Saignes, Miguel. "La trata de los esclavos en Venezuela". ("The treatment of slaves in Venezuela") Revista de Historia ( Journal of History ) (Caracas, Venezuela) 2 (6) : 19-60

Acosta Saignes, Miguel. (1967) Vida de los esclavos negros en Venezuela. (The life of black slaves in Venezuela) . Caracas: Hespérides.

Aguirre Beltram, Gonzalo. "El desarrollo de la comunidad en las regiones de refugio". ("The development of community in the refuge regions") Servicio Social ( Social Service ) (Santiago, Chile) 38 (1/2) : 27-51

Alemán, Carmen Elena. (1997) Corpus Christi y San Juan Bautista : dos manifestaciones rituales en la comunidad afrovenezolana de Chuao. (Corpus Christi and San Juan Bautista: two ritual manifestations in an Afrovenezuelan communtity of Chuao) . Caracas, Venezuela: Fundación Bigott.

Andrews, George Reid. (1980) The Afro-Argentines of Buenos Aires, 1800-1900. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press.

Arboleda, Jose Rafael. "La historia y la antropologia del negro en Colombia". ("The history and anthropology of blacks in Colombia") Universidad de Antioquia 41 (157) : 233-48

Bastien, Remy. "Estructura de la adaptacion del negro en America Latina y del afroamericano en Africa". ("The Structure of Adaptation of the Negro in Latin America and the Afroamerican in Africa") América Indígena ( Indigenous America ) 29 (3) : 587-625
Notes: Brief summary in English on last page. Paper presented at a UNESCO conference (December 1968) on the cultural contributions of Africans in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Abstract: Discusses the physical and social adaptation required of Africans upon being forced to live in the a new environmental and social context, and their continued adaptation to changes in that environment. Also examines the adaptations to the circumstances of freedom. (CDR)

Bowser, Frederick P. (1974) The African Slave Trade in Colonial Peru. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Bridikhina, Eugenia. (1995) La mujer negra en Bolivia. (The black woman in Bolivia) . La Paz: Ministerio de Desarrollo Humano, Secretaría Nacional de Asuntos Etnicos, de Género y Generacionales, Subsecretaría de Asuntos de Género.

Brito Figueroa, Federico. (1973) El problema tierra y esclavos en la historia de Venezuela. (The land problem and slaves in Venezuelan history) . Caracas, Venezuela: Editorial Teoria y Praxis.

Brito Figueroa, Federico. (1961) Las insurrecciones de los esclavos negros en la sociedad colonial venezolana. (Insurrections of Black Slaves in Colonial Venezuelas Society) . Caracas, Venezuela: Editorial Cantaclaro.

Carvalho de Neto, Paulo. "Apuntes criticos sobre algunas fuentes antropologicas afro-uruguayos". ("Critical notes about some Afro-Uruguayan anthropological sources") Boletin bibliografico de las ciencias del hombre ( Bibligraphic bulletin on human sciences ) (Montevideo, Uruguay) 1 : 1-16

Carvalho de Neto, Paulo. (1971) Estudios afros : Brasil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Ecuador : apuntes biográficos, crítica, bibliografía, antologías, cultura material, poesía folklórica, prosa folklórica, fiestas, antropología física, sociología . (African studies: Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Ecuador: biographical notes, criticism, bibliography, anthologies, material culture, folkloric poetry, folkloric prose, festivals, physical anthropology, sociology) . Caracas, Venezuela: Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Facultad de Humanidades y Educación, Universidad Central de Venezuela.
Abstract: Emphasis on folklore. A section on each country includes general bibliographic citations with a brief note pointing to the sections or pages that have information about the African diaspora. Some cited sources focus specifically on African studies. Citations are followed by more extensive notes on a selection of those citations. ("El Negro Paraguayo": 50 bibliographical entries, extensive notes on 28;"El Negro Uruguayo": 136 bibliographic entries, extensive notes of 16 ; "El Negro Ecuatoriano: 39 bibliographic entries, no further discussion of these sources) In addition to the bibliographies, the chapters also contain abridged reprints of several of the important articles cited, short summaries of fieldwork projects, and various related articles by Carvalho Neto, one of the most prolific researchers in Afro-Latin studies. (CDR)

Cerda Donoso de Moreschi, Jeanette C. de la. (1999) Los negros esclavos de Alta Gracia : caso testigo de población de origen africano en la Argentina y América. (The black slaves of Alta Gracia) . Córdoba, Argentina: Ediciones del Copista.

Colmenares, Geman. (1969) Haciendas de los Jesuitas en el nuevo Granada, Siglo XVIII. (Jesuit plantations in New Granada, 18th century) . Bogota, Colombia: Universidad Nacional de Colombia.

Crespo R., Alberto. (1977) Esclavos negros en Bolivia . (Black slaves in Bolivia) . La Paz, Bolivia: Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Bolivia.
Abstract: The author repeats the phrase "La historia es siempre una aproximacion" (History is always an approximation) several times throughout the book. He includes theoretical as well as fact-based examination of Bolivia's participation in the slave trade from the beginning of the Spanish conquest to the legal and economic end of slavery. Includes a bibliography and notes after each chapter. (CDR)

Cushner, Nicholas P. "Slave Mortality and Reproduction on Jesuit Haciendas in Colonial Peru". The Hispanic American Historical Review 55 (2) : 177-99
Abstract: The author examined batismala nd burial records of several colonial haciendas owned by Jesuits orders. He uses this data to illuminate the living conditions of slaves of the period (1714-1767), but is careful to point out that his conclusions cannot be applied to slaves living in other situations, as the Jesuits organized their haciendas according to their unique principles. (CDR)

Escalante, Aquiles. (1964) El negro en Colombia. (The black in Colombia) . Bogotá, Colombia: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Sociología.
Abstract: Glossary of terms used by black Colombians. Traces the history of slavery, the African origins of slaves brought to Colombia, current economic and societal roles, and some of elements of Afro-Colombian culture (dance, music, etc.) Includes a bibliography and maps of Africa and Colombia. (CDR)

Estrada, Marcos. (1979) Argentinos de origen africano : 34 biografías. (Argentines of Arfrican Origian; 34 Biographies) . Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires.
Abstract: Introduction presents some facts and myths about various adrican peoples. thier history in the Americas, and specifically in Argentina. Includes 34 biographies of 32 men and 2 women, mostly military figures, but also some musicians, poets, and journalists. Most of the biographies are from 3-4 pages, but range from 1-33 pages. All lived during the 18th and 19th centuries. Brief bibliography. (CDR)

Fuentes Roldan, Alfredo. "San Lorenzo: puerto maritimo de poblacion negra". ("San Lorenzo: maritime port of the black population") Boletin de informaciones cientificos nacionales ( National Scientific Information Bulletin ) 10 (88) : 368-91

Gallardo, Jorge Emilio. (1986) Presencia africana en la cultura de América Latina: vigencia de los cultos afroamericanos. (African Presence in Latin American Culture: ) . Buenos Aires, Argentina: F. García Cambeiro.
Notes: What does "vigencia" mean?

Gutiérrez Azopardo, Ildefonso. (1980) Historia del negro en Colombia: sumisión o rebeldia? (The history of blacks in Colombia: submission or rebellion?) . Bogotá, Colombia: Nueva América.
Abstract: Not just "un simple banco de datos" (a simple warehouse of facts) but a specific refutation of some the myths surrounding slavery and the current status of blacks in Colombia. The author claims that Afro-Colombians have not been completely freed from the chains of history. (CDR)

Helguera, J. Leon and Lee Lopez, Alberto. "La exportacion de esclavos en Nueva Granada". ("Slave exportation in New Granada") Archivos ( Archives ) (Bogota, Colombia) 1 (1) : 447-59

Hudson, Randall O. "The Status of the Negro in Northern South America, 1820-1860". The Journal of Negro History 49 (4) : 225-239
Notes: Available on JSTOR: <http://www.jstor.org/jstor/>
Abstract: The historical records of Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela do not distinguish the race of citizens, so studies of the black residents of these countries is a difficult undertaking. The author attempts to trace the involvement of African descendents in the wars for independence, political struggles,and daily life. (CDR)

Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales. (1977) Bibliografia afrocolombiana. (Afrocolombian Bibliography) . Popayan, Colombia: Universidad de Cauca.

Kamen, Henry. "El negro en Hispanoamerica (1500-1700)". ("The black man in Latin America (1500-1700)") Anuario de Estudios Americanos ( American Studies Annual ) (Seville, Spain) 28 : 121-37

Knight, Franklin W. (1974) The African Dimension in Latin American Societies. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.
Notes: Includes index, very general "recommended readings"
Abstract: Introductory study, scant references to South America outside of Brazil. Purpose: "examine varying patterns of social acceptance and integration of the Afro-American population throughout the countries of North and South America." (CDR)

Latin American Studies Center. California State University, Los Angeles. (1977) Black Latin America : a bibliography. Los Angeles, CA: Latin American Studies Center.
Abstract: First lists general works, the material associated with each country in Central and South America, Mexico, and the Caribbean. Book and articles, mostly in English, but some in Spanish, Dutch, German, French. Approximately 1000 citations in all. (CDR)

Leon, Argeliers. "Musica popular de origen africano en America Latina". ("Popular music with African roots in Latin America") América Indígena ( Indigenous America ) 29 (3) : 627-664
Notes: Brief summary in English on last page. Paper presented at a UNESCO conference (December 1968) on the cultural contributions of Africans in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Lombardi, John W. (1971) The Decline and Abolition of Negro Slavery in Venezuela, 1820-1854. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Martínez Montiel, Luz María. (1995) Presencia africana en Sudamérica . (African Presence in South America) . México, D.F.: Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes.
Abstract: Includes: Presencia africana en Colombia / Nina S. de Friedemann -- El aporte negro a la cultura venezolana /Angelina Pollak-Eltz -- Afrovenezuela: una visión desde adentro / Jesús Chucho García -- Negros en Perú : de la conquista a la identidad nacional / Edgar Montiel -- El negro en Brasil : de la esclavitud a la marginalización cultural y social / Clóvis Moura -- Proyección histórica y perspectivas de la población negra en Bahía, Brasil / Yeda Pessoa de Castro -- Los afro-orientales : breve reseña del aporte africano en la formación de la población uruguaya / Oscar D. Montaño -- El afroparaguayo / Jerry W. Cooney -- Los negros de Buenos Aires / Marta B. Goldberg -- Nuestros padres negros : las rebeliones esclavas en América / Luz María Martínez Montiel. Each chapter followed by extensive bibliography or bibliographical notes. (CDR)

Masini, José. "Le esclavitud negra en la Republica Argentina -- Epoca Independiente". ("Black svaery in the Argentine Republic -- the Independent Era") Revista de la Junta de Estudios Historicos ( Journal of the Union of Historical Studies ) 1 (1) : 136-61

Mellafe, Rolando. (1974) Breve historia de la esclavitud negra en América Latina. (A brief history of black slavery in Latin America) . México: Secretaría de Educación Pública.

Mellafe, Rolando. (1984) La introduccion de la esclavitud negra en Chile: trafico y rutas. (The introduction of slavery in Chile: traffic and routes) . Santiago, Chile: Editorial Universitaria.
Notes: 2nd edition
Abstract: Thisss "2nd edition" is in reality an exact reprint of the first edition, published in 1958. The author intended to continue the project, or pass it on to another interested scholar, but no further progress has been made. This "introduction" ends with the status of Chile's clave trade in the early 17th century (it begins in the late 15th century). Very detailed accounts are given of events in the intervening years. A series of primary documents are transcribed in the appendices. Also includes an index and a bibliography. (CDR)

Montañez Uribe, Ligia. (1993) El racismo oculto de una sociedad no racista. (Hidden racism in a non-racist society) . Caracas, Venezuela: Fondo Editorial Tropykos.
Abstract: The author argues that, while outright racism as it occurs in other parts of the world does not exist in the large mestizo (mixed race) population of Venezuela, veiled discrimination proliferates. She attributes the discrimation to the legacy of the slave/owner, black/white dynamic. Includes a bibliography. (CDR)

Montaño, Oscar D. (1997) Umkhonto: la lanza negra : historia del aporte negro-africano en la formación del Uruguay. (Umkhonto: the black lance: the history of the contributions of the black-African in the formation of Uruguay) . Montevideo, Uruguay: Rosebud Ediciones.
Notes: "Umkhonto" means "lance" in Zulu.

Moreno Salazar, Valentin. (1995) Negritudes. (Blacknesses) . Cali, Colombia: Editores XYZ.
Abstract: The author is the "ideólogo y fundador del Movimiento de Negritudes en Colombia" (ideologist and founder of the Blackness Movement in Colombia). A collection of documents representing the history, activities, and positions of the organization. Also the author's personal essays on various aspects of racial discrimination and the current status of Afro-Colombians. Reproduces extensive correspondence between the author and other key figures within the movement and their allies around the world. (CDR)

Pereda Valdes, Ildefonso. (1965) El negro en el Uruguay, pasado y presente. (The black man in Uruguay, past and present) . Montevideo, Uruguay: Instituto Historico y Geografico del Uruguay.

Picotti, Dina. (1998) La presencia africana en nuestra identidad. (African Presence in Our Identity) . Buenos Aires, Argentina: Ediciones del Sol.
Abstract: The author disputes the belief of many Argentines and others that there are no black people in Argentina. Although their numbers have diminished greatly due to disease, warfare, and racial mixing, Africans influenced the development of Argentine identity in many ways. Picotti traces their contributions to, among other areas, language, military history, popular culture, and religion. She also briefly outlines the history of slavery and liberation in Argentina. Includes black and white photographs and a bibliography. (CDR)

Pla, Josefina. "La esclavitud en el Paraguay: el rescate del esclavo". ("Slavery in Paraguay: the rescue of the slave") Revista Paraguaya de Sociologia ( Paraguayan Journal of Sociology ) (Asuncion, Paraguay) 31 : 29-49
Abstract: The author compares the experience of slavery in Paraguay with that of the United States and other Latin American countries. She concludes that conditions in Paraguay were not as harsh or cruel. As a result, there was luttle reason for slaves to attempt to escape, and few cases of slaves rebellions in Paraguay have been recorded. (CDR)

Pla, Josefina. (1972) Hermano Negro (La esclavitud en el Paraguay). (Black Brother (Slavery in Paraguay)) . Madrid, Spain: Editorial Paraninfo.

Pollak-Eltz, Angelina. (1976) Bibliografia afrovenozolana. (Afrovenezuelan Bibliography) . Caracas, Venezuela: Universidad Catolica Andres Bello, Instituto de Investigaciones Historicas.
Abstract: 357 unannotated entries. Includes a subject index. Brief introduction presents a history of Afro-Venezuelan studies. (CDR)

Pollak-Eltz, Angelina. (1976) La familia negra en Venezuela. Caracas, Venezuela: Monte Avila Editores.
Notes: English version (The Black Family in Venezuela) published by F. Berger & Söhne (Horn, Austria) in 1974
Abstract: Examines the structure and behavior of lower classs black families in urban and rural regions of Venezuela. The author investigated the predominantly female-centered households throughout the country and concludes that difficult economic circumstances have forced the black families of Venezuela (and, according to Pollak, any other group or race living in similar circumstances) to develop a family structure distinct from the Euro-Christian model. Includes individual case studies and a wide variety of statistical information, plus a bibliography of over 100 citations. (CDR)

Pollak-Eltz, Angelina. (1991) La negritud en Venezuela. (Blackness in Venezuela) . Caracas, Venezuela: Lagoven.
Notes: English version (Balck Culture and Society in Venezuela) published by Lagoven in 1994
Abstract: The author is an anthropologist who has studied Afro-Venezuelan culture for over 30 years. This volume is the culmination of her many articles and books. Comprehensive work suitable for general interest or beginning scholarship. Many color and black & white photographs. Covers the concept of blackness in Venezuela, musical traditions, religious practices, and family structure. The English version contains slightly atered text and is missing the geographical, subject, and name indexes included in the Spanish version. Both editions contain identical bibliographies (approximately 80 entries). (CDR)

Pollak-Eltz, Angelina. (1972) Vestigios africanos en la cultura del pueblo venezolano. (African traces in the culture of the Venezuelan village) . Caracas, Venezuela: Universidad Católica Andrés Bello, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas.
Abstract: Study of some examples of Venzuelan folklore (witchcraft, black magic, burial rituals, traditional festivals, musical instruments, and others) attributed to the African population. Author notes that it is difficult to accurately pinpoint cultural origins due to the high level of racial mixture in venezuela. She collected information from places inhabited primarily by descendents of African slaves. Includes a name and subject index and an extensive bibliography. (CDR)

Portugal Ortiz, Maz. (1978) La esclavitud negra en las epocas colonial y nacional de Bolivia. (Black slavey in the colonial and national periods of Bolivia) . La Paz, Bolivia: Instituto Boliviano de Cultura.

Porzecanski, Teresa and Santos, Beatriz. (1994) Historias de vida : Negros en el Uruguay. (Life Histories: Blacks in Uruguay) . Montevideo, Urugauy: EPPAL.
Abstract: Autobiographies of black Uruguayans compiled by an anthropologist and a writer. Ten ordinary men and women from around the country discuss their lives and experiences as black Uruguayans in their own words. The compilers offer no analysis or commentary. (CDR)

Powe, Edward L. (1998) The black and indigenous lore of Bolivia, Peru & Ecuador. Madison, Wis. Armchair Travelers, a subsidiary of Dan Aiki Publications.

Price, Thomas J. "Estado y necesidades actuales de las investigaciones afro-colombianas". ("The current state and needs of Afro-Colombian studies") Revista colombiana de Antropologia ( Colombian Journal of Anthropology ) 2 (2) : 11-36
Abstract: Describes the work done in numerous areas of Afro-Colombian studies by subject (e.g. witchcraft, economics) and geographic region. The author outlines some possible projects for future scholars. He also discusses some of the difficulties of fieldwork with specific populations and makes suggestions about theoretical frames and practical strategies. (CDR)

Rama, C. (1970) The Passing of Afro-Uruguayans from Caste Society into Class Society. In: Morner, M., (Ed.) Race and Class in Latin America , pp. 28-50. New York: Columbia University Press]

Ramos Guidez, Jose Marcial. (1980) Bibliografía afrovenezolana. (Afrovenezuelan Bibliography) . Caracas, Venezuela: Instituto Autónomo Biblioteca Nacional y de Servicios de Bibliotecas.

Ramos Guidez, Jose Marcial. (1989) Cien titulos basicos en la bibliografia afrovenezolana. (100 Basic Titles in Afro-Venezuelan Bibliography) . Caracas, Venzuela: Centro de Investigaciones Históricas, Universidad Santa María.
Abstract: Includes a brief introduction to Afro-Venezuelan materials which highlights some of the major authors and works from the 19th century to the present. Bibliography contains 100 unannotated citations, arranged by author in two sections - reference works (3 entries) and books on general themes (97 entries). Topics covered include novels, history, sociology, folklore. Almost all materials published between 1940 and 1989 (a few books were published earlier). Last name index follows bibliography. (CDR)

Ramos Guidez, Jose Marcial. (1985) El negro en Venezuela: aporte bibliografico. (Blacks in Venezuela: bibliography) . Caracas, Venezuela: Instituto Autonomo Biblioteca Nacional y Servicios de Bibliotecas.

Restrepo M., Alberto and Palacio R., Sigifredo. "Frecuencia de los grupos sanguineos ABO y RHO en poblacion mixta de la ciudad Medullin (Antipquia) y en negros de la ciudad Quibdo (Choco) y revision de la literatura colombiana". Boletin del Instituto de Antropologia, Medellin 3 (9) : 53-62

Romero, Fernando. (1980) Papel de los descendientes de africanos en el desarrollo económico-social del Perú . (The role of the descendents of Africans in the economic-social development of Peru) . La Molina, Perú: Taller de Estudios Andinos, Departamento de Ciencias Humanas, Universidad Nacional Agraria.

Romero, Fernando. (1988) Quimba, fa, malambo, ñeque : afronegrismos en el Perú . (Quimba, fa, malambo, neque: African slang in Peru) . Lima, Perú: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.

Rout, Leslie B. (1976) The African experience in Spanish America, 1502 to the present day. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Abstract: An introductory history text, also includes a brief examination of the contemporary situation. The author rejeccts the assertion that slavery in the Spanish colonies was kinder that in areas dominated by the English, French, Portuguese, or Dutch. Begins with a glossary of political, socio-racial, and Spanish language terms. Includes an index, endnotes, and bibliography. (CDR)

Scheuss de Studer, Elena F. (1958) La trata de negros en el Rio de la Plata durante siglo XVIII. (The treatment of blacks in Rio de la Plata during the 18th century) . Buenos Aires, Argentina: Universidad de Buenos Aires.

Sharp, William F. (1976) Slavery on the Spanish Frontier: The Colombian Choco, 1680-1810. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.

Toplin, Robert Brent. (1974) Slavery and Race Relations in Latin America. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Velasquez Murillo, Rogerio. "Apuntes socio-economicos del Atrato Medio". ("Notes on the Social-Economics of the Atrato Medio") Revista colombiana de Antropologia 10 : 157-225
Abstract: Very detailed study of many aspects of this region of Colombia, inhabited primarily by descendants of African slaves. Includes extensive details about nutrition, schooling, agriculture, etc. (CDR)

Velasquez Murillo, Rogerio. "Gentilicios africanos del occidente de Colombia". ("African Tribal Heritage of Western Colombia") Revista colombiana de folklore ( Colombian Journal of Folklore ) 3 (7) : 107-48

Whitten, Norman E. (1974) Black Frontiersmen: A South American Case. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Notes: Includes glossary of terms, index, and over 100 bibliographical references
Abstract: Anthropological study of San Lorenzo, a small city in NE Ecuador. Examines the adaptation of Afro-Hispanics to the frontier environment, changing conditions, and competition amidst racism and economic development. (CDR)

Whitten, Norman E. and Torres, Arlene. (1998) Blackness in Latin America and the Caribbean : social dynamics and cultural transformations. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Notes: V. 1: Central America and Northern and Western South America. V. 2: Eastern South America and the Caribbean.

Wright, Winthrop R. (1990) Café con leche : race, class, and national image in Venezuela. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
Abstract: History of racial segregation and oppression in Venezuela, a country that proudly proclaims its "racial democracy". Many citizens (intellectuals, politicians, the urban upper class) insist that descrimination is based on class, not race. The author explains that racial tension in Venezuela is different from the violent, overt variety in the US, but exists in more subtle forms. (CDR)

Zeliski, Wilbur. "The Historical Geography of the Negro Population of Latin America". The Journal of Negro History 34 (2) : 153-221
Notes: Available on JSTOR: <http://www.jstor.org/jstor/>
Abstract: "examination... of where, when, and in what numbers Negroes have been present in Latin America, the possible explanations for these phenomena, and... their significance within the totality of American life." (CDR)